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From a self-determination theory perspective, major depressive disorder (MDD) can be understood as a disruption in basic psychological needs, such as competence, autonomy, and relatedness. A diagnosis of MDD requires a period of at least two weeks in which individuals experience a significant decline in functioning, marked by either a persistently low mood or a loss of interest in activities, along with additional symptoms such as changes in sleep, appetite, energy, and concentration, as well as feelings of guilt or worthlessness (American Psychiatric Association, 2022). These symptoms and experiences reflect not only emotional distress but also a diminished sense of control and connection.

From a structural standpoint, Self-Determination Theory explains personality in terms of how well an individual’s basic psychological needs are satisfied or frustrated. It is not unlikely for individuals with MDD to experience deficits in their psychological needs, which can contribute to negative self-perceptions and a disconnect from others. As outlined in the DSM-5-TR, these disruptions are reflected in symptoms such as persistent sadness, feelings of hopelessness, and a reduced interest in previously enjoyable activities (American Psychiatric Association, 2022). Within self-determination theory, processes and dynamics are closely linked to disruptions that occur in individual motivation and engagement. When the basic psychological needs of competence, autonomy, and relatedness are not met, individuals may experience decreased intrinsic motivation and a sense of disconnection (Cervone & Pervin, 2023). This loss of motivation is reflected in symptoms such as diminished interest or pleasure in activities, fatigue, and difficulty concentrating, which are commonly seen in individuals with MDD (American Psychiatric Association, 2022).

From a growth and developmental perspective, self-determination theory suggests that psychological well-being is shaped by the support or hindrance provided by one’s environment. When these needs are consistently unmet over time, individuals may experience decreased motivation, low self-worth, and difficulty making meaningful connections. In contrast, supportive environments that foster these needs can promote resilience and healthier development across the life span (Cervone & Pervin, 2023). From a self-determination theory perspective, psychopathology in depression arises when the basic psychological needs lead to diminished motivation and a weakened sense of self. In terms of therapeutic change, treatment focuses on creating conditions that support autonomy, strengthen competence, and enhance a sense of relatedness. By creating environments that encourage choice, skill development, and supportive relationships, individuals can regain motivation and improve psychological well-being (Cervone & Pervin, 2023).